Biography
GEORGE ONSLOW (1784-1853) is a very
special figure in the history of music : largely and unanimously acknowledged
when he was alive, he is now nearly forgotten and his works, mainly devoted
to string chamber music, are almost missing from the repertoire, partly
due to the fact that they haven't been available in a modern edition for
more than a century.
Stemming
from an old aristocratic British family, several members of whom played an
important part in British political life (three of them were Speaker
at the Chamber of Commons), George Onslow
was born in Clermont-Ferrand (center of France) in 1784. His father, Edward,
had settled there after a family scandal which pushed him to leave his mother
country.
The composer's grand-father (left)
and father (right).
Quickly
integrated into the Clermont nobility, the Onslows lead a peaceful life until
the Revolution of 1789 which compromises their safety. Jailed
in 1793 because of his nationality and in spite of his friendship with
Couthon, whose freemason brother he was, Edward Onslow was
forced into exile in 1797.
His first stages were Rotterdam and Hambourg. His older son, George,
joins him into what is going to be a grand study tour for him. Between 1798
and
1806 he studies the piano with several masters, especially Cramer, Dussek
and Hüllmandel who were teaching in London. Stays in Germany and
Austria enable him to improve his training as an instrumentalist. His
father exile
ended in 1804.
Onslow did not mean to become an artist, even less a composer : studying
the piano was only part of his education, as well as mathematics, History,
fencing, horse riding, drawing (two of his brothers devoted themselves
to painting), etc. In his parent's opinion, it was more a drawing-room
gift
than a professional ability. Onslow never gave a recital as a pianist :
he only accepted to show in the provincial town of Clermont how he could
improvise
(which he never did in Paris), and he also practised the cello as an amateur
in order to be part of a quartet of friends with whom he played the masters'
repertoire (Mozart, Haydn, and young Beethoven).
Onslow discovers his vocation as a composer while listening to the Overture
of an opera by Méhul, called Stratonice. He is then 22 years of age.
His first attemps, a set of three string quintets, is so successful that
his friends, Pleyel, his publisher, and his interpreters induce him to persevere.
Many other chamber pieces follow, but soon Onslow realizes his lacks. Thus
he decides to complete his theoretical knowledge by studying with Anton Reicha,
who was his only master in composition. His influence would be decisiven
esthétically as well as stylistically.
Onslow then, launches into a brilliant careern which turns him into a
leading composer of musical life in the first half of nineteenth century.
He will
be played by the greatest musicians of his time and his name is next
to Mozart, Haydn and Beethoven, of whom people say he is the only worthy
successor.
Nicknamed "the French Beethoven", he is the only musician,
at least in France, who devotes himself to chamber music. Composing 36
quartets and
34 quintets, Onslow leaves us exceptionnal works which will supply main
European concert societies for more than fifty years. And he will enrich
editors even
in the United States (Schirmer).
Onslow mainly becomes a national glory in Germany where he is much admired
and praised. He is very famous among the musicians and the audience. Mendelssohn
and Schumann witnessed this live. His contemporaries admire him and he
is wodely edited, but he is also acknowledged by the institutions : as
a member
of most European societies (London in 1829 along with Mendelssohn, Rotterdam
in 1834, Vienna in 1836, Roma in 1839, Florence in 1839, Cologne in 1847,
Strasbourg in 1849, and Stockholm in 1851), he was elected in 1842 at the
Fine Arts Academy, in particular before Berlioz.
"Galery of the modern lyric composers" by
A. Maurin (1844).
From left
to right,
1st row : Halévy, Meyerbeer, Spontini, Rossini;
2nd row
: Berlioz, Donizetti, ONSLOW, Auber, Mendelssohn, Berton.
At
a time when, in Paris, vaudeville and opera comique were most favoured,
Onslow embodies
the continuity of the great classic school and
is an alibi for these who think music is decadent while musical life is "privatised".
The "soirées de quatuors" of Baillot in Paris, Lindley in
London and Zimmerman in Berlin were thought to be the last refuges of "true
music". Onslow became the herald of those who defended tradition and
instrumental excellence against such drifts as romances, quadrilles and other
entertainment compositions. Onslow composed no less than three operas though,
out of curiosity and because he wanted enhance his fame (The Alcade of Vega,
1824 ; The Pedlar, 1827 ; The Duke of Guise, 1837). Although these works
were given at the "salle Favart", those who wirnessed their creation
unanimously declared they could have been given at the "Opera".
Onslow's lyric scores were dense and unusually complex for the audience,
and since their libretto were not of great value (a redhibitory defect in
those days, especially in France), the operas were praised out of regards
only, although the critics loved them and although Berlioz himself enthusiastically
defended the Duke of Guise.
In his instrumental and orchestral music (4 symphonies), Onslow announces
romanticism by the richness of his harmony, the preponderance of chromatisms,
his stormlike tormented inspiration and the fervour of his lyrical themes.
One of the reasons why interpreters gave up playing his quartets and quintets
(which was already known in his days) was because they were so difficult
to perform.
His life was mainly quiet and exempt of concerns : only once he was victim
of a serious accident : during a hunting in 1829, he was badly injured by
a shot. He could have died, and became deaf in the left ear as a result of
this accident which inspired him the three last movements of his quintet
opus 38, entitled "The bullet".
Although he had a brilliant international career and though he was required
more and more often, Onslow always remained faithful to Auvergne, since,
born in Clermont-Ferrand, he also died in the same town. Which make him apart
from artists who moved to Paris. He was deeply attached to his hometown and
well-known for his generosity (charity concerts, help to poor people, etc.).
By his courteous and gracious behaviour, Onslow gave Clermont all the prestige
of his name, but his music was never really appreciated and understood. Onslow
was very involved in the modest musical life of his province : his most important
project was the foundation of a Philharmonic Society in 1839.
He was a respected and admired castle owner : a real gentleman-farmer, as
talented running his properties as in negociating contracts with Breitkopf & Härtel
or Schlesinger. Although he had a property in the countryside (castle of
Chalendrat, then castle of Bellerive), he always kept his apartments in Clermont
: first in Michel de l'Hospital square (called Wood market square at the
begenning of the 19th century), then number 2 Blaise Pascal street where
he died on October 3rd 1853. He rests at the Carmes cemetary, next to some
of the well-know families in Auvergne.
We thank Baudime Jam who was so kind
as to write this biographic summary (translated by Patrick Marcel).
We invite our visitors to read his exclusive interview.
All illustrations : © Les Éditions du Mélophile.
The castle of Bellerive where George Onslow
stayed until his death.
Nothing remains from it today.
An
autograph letter by
George Onslow written at Bellerive
in 1843
and recently discovered.
(Private collection).